Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movement of the face, body, and extremities.

It is caused by long-term exposure to antipsychotic medication, most commonly used to treat schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Tourette's syndrome. The disorder has multiple causes and can range from mild to severe in intensity. Treatment for TD varies, and includes therapies, medications, and lifestyle changes that can help to manage symptoms and improve quality of life.

What is Tardive Dyskinesia?

Tardive dyskinesia is a term used for a neurological disorder in which an individual experiences abnormal, involuntary movements in the face, trunk, arms, or legs. It is caused by long-term use of antipsychotic and other psychiatric medications, such as tranquilizers and antidepressants. This disorder has lasting effects that can interfere with everyday activities and cause discomfort and embarrassment.

The body parts most commonly affected are the head and neck, arms, legs, and face. Typical signs of TD may include rapid and rhythmic blinking, tongue thrusting, facial grimacing, and muscular twitching. This can cause drooling, chewing, and talking, as well as unsteady posture and gait, labored breathing, and depression.

Causes of Tardive Dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is often a side effect of long-term use of antipsychotics and other psychiatric medications that are used to treat emotional and mental disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and Tourette’s syndrome. Most antipsychotics target dopamine-specific receptors in the brain, resulting in an increase in the levels of dopamine. When the levels of dopamine are too high, tardive dyskinesia can occur.

Other causes of TD are prolonged use of certain medications, such as benzodiazepines, metabolic disorders, and infections. Some people may be more at risk for developing tardive dyskinesia due to their age and genetic predispositions. It’s estimated that about one in every five people who take antipsychotics will develop the disorder.

Diagnosis of Tardive Dyskinesia

Tardive dyskinesia is diagnosed based on several criteria, including medical history, a physical exam, and a neurological exam. It is important to note that certain conditions, such as autism, can cause similar symptoms. During a physical exam, the doctor may ask the patient to perform a series of movements, such as blinking, to assess if the symptoms are caused by TD.

In some cases, imaging studies and laboratory tests may be used to diagnose TD. Imaging tests, such as an MRI or CT scan, can help to rule out other causes of the movement disorder. Laboratory tests, such as blood tests, can also provide insight into the cause of TD. After the diagnosis is made, the doctor will determine the best course of treatment.

Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia

The main goal of treatment for TD is to reduce the severity of the symptoms and improve the quality of life of the patient. In some cases, treatment may involve discontinuing the use of the antipsychotic or other medications that could be causing the dyskinesia. If the symptoms improve after the medication is stopped, the patient may consider switching medications or reducing the dosage.

In other cases, medications may be used to control the movements associated with TD. These medications work by blocking the receptors in the brain that can cause involuntary movements.