Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Comprehensive Guide

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition marked by inflammation and swelling of the joints, causing pain and stiffness. It affects more than 1.5 million people in the United States alone, and its prevalence increases with age. The rheumatoid factor, a blood test, is used to diagnose the disease. RA is a systemic disease, meaning it can cause inflammation and damage to other organs, as well as joints. Fortunately, new treatments have improved treatment options and outcomes. This guide will provide an overview of rheumatoid arthritis, symptoms and diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures.

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, meaning a person’s own immune system attacks healthy cells. In RA, the immune system primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation and damage. This leads to pain, stiffness, and difficulty moving the affected joints. In some cases, RA can affect internal organs such as the lungs and heart, and cause systemic symptoms such as fatigue and fever.

In RA, it is common for the symptoms to come and go, as the inflammation and damage worsen or improve. This can lead to periods of pain or even complete remission. It’s important to note, however, that even if symptoms subside, the damage done to the joints may be permanent.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

Symptoms of RA can vary, but the most common signs are pain, stiffness, and tenderness, especially in the small joints of the hands and feet. Other symptoms can include swelling, fatigue, and fever. Symptoms may come and go, but they will usually worsen over time.

Diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis can be difficult because it often mimics other conditions. To make an accurate diagnosis, a doctor will perform a comprehensive physical exam and take a detailed medical history. A doctor may also recommend the following tests:

• Blood tests: A rheumatoid factor test can help confirm a diagnosis.

• X-rays: Joint x-rays can identify damage to the joints caused by inflammation.

• MRI: A magnetic resonance imaging scan can help to detect inflammation and damage to the joints.

• Ultrasound: An ultrasound can help to identify joint effusion, a buildup of fluid in the joint.

Treatment

Treatment for rheumatoid arthritis involves controlling inflammation, preserving joint mobility, and preventing joint damage. A doctor will often recommend both lifestyle modifications and medications.

Lifestyle Modifications:

• Exercise: Regular low-impact physical activity can help improve joint flexibility and range of motion and reduce stiffness and pain.

• Weight loss: Maintaining a healthy weight can help reduce the strain on the joints.

• Stress Management: Stress can worsen RA symptoms. Strategies such as yoga, tai chi, and regular massage can help reduce stress and improve overall health.

Medications:

• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, are used to reduce pain and inflammation.

• Corticosteroids: Oral or injectable corticosteroids reduce inflammation quickly.

• Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs): DMARDs are used to slow the progression of RA and prevent further joint damage.