Bunions are among the most common of all foot deformities and afflictions. 

They develop when the big toe pushes outward and causes a bony growth on the side of the foot, resulting in a large bump that is both painful and unattractive. In the United States alone, millions of people suffer from bunions, making them the most common deformity in this part of the world.

While many people suffer from bunions, there is much debate about what causes them and how to best treat them. In this article, we will explore the causes of bunions, the associated symptoms, the available treatments, and the potential health risks that may accompany them. We will also look at prevention strategies and consider how lifestyle choices can reduce the chances of developing bunions in the first place.

What Are Bunions?

A bunion is a bony protrusion found on the inside (medial) aspect of the foot, usually at the base of the big toe. As bunions progress, they can cause excessive pain, difficulty walking, and even an inability to move the toe. Depending on the severity of the deformity, individuals may experience sharp or burning sensations in the affected area as well as swelling, inflammation, and redness.

The joint at the base of the big toe is essential for normal foot function and managing the shock and stress it receives during daily activities. When the joint is damaged, it can lead to an increase in the bunion's size, greater pain and stiffness, and the development of additional problems on the foot.

What Causes Bunions?

The exact cause of bunions is unknown, but many theories exist. Some believe that they can be inherited, while others hold that it is possible to develop bunions due to years of wearing ill-fitting shoes.

One of the most accepted theories is that bunions are caused by years of abnormal pressure and strain on the foot, leading to a misalignment of the toe joint. This misalignment of the joint gradually enlarges over time and forms the characteristic bunion bump that is so well known. While it is not known why some individuals are more prone to bunions than others, those who are overweight, have flat feet, have naturally low arches, or stand for long periods of time have an increased risk for developing them.

Symptoms of Bunions

The most obvious symptom of bunions is the characteristic bump at the base of the big toe. This bump may range in size, from barely noticeable to significant in size, and can be painful to the touch. Other common symptoms include redness and inflammation of the affected area; soreness and burning in the area; and thickening of the skin around the toes. Bunions may also cause the big toe to overlap the second toe, making it difficult to walk and difficult to find shoes which fit properly.

Treatment for Bunions While there is no cure for bunions, there are several treatments that can reduce the severity of the symptoms.

Non-Surgical Treatment The most common treatment for mild bunions is conservative, non-surgical treatment. This includes wearing shoes with wider toe boxes and using over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to reduce pain and inflammation. Wearing a bunion shield or splint also helps to reduce pressure and prevent the bunion from worsening.

Surgical Treatment Surgical treatment is necessary for severe cases of bunions, as it is the only way to permanently correct the misalignment. Surgery involves cutting the bone, repositioning it, and then securing it with screws. Depending on the severity of the bunion, the recovery time may take several weeks.

Health Risks of Bunions Bunions can have significant health risks if left untreated. As the bunion enlarges, it can cause additional misalignment of the toe as well as affect the alignment of the entire foot, leading to chronic pain and a worsening of the deformity. Long-term complications include potential nerve damage, arthritis, and hammertoe, a condition in which the second, third, or fourth toes become bent and claw-like. Additionally, bunions can contribute to balance problems, leading to an increased risk of falls.

Prevention of Bunions The best way to prevent the development or worsening of bunions is to wear shoes with a wide toe box and low heel, as this allows for greater freedom of movement of the toes. Foot exercises to strengthen the area can also help to reduce risk, as can avoiding high-heeled and high-pegged shoes. Additionally, those who experience significant foot pain should consult a doctor, as this can be an early sign of bunion development.